Synthesis and characterization of Ru alkylidene complexes

ABSTRACT

This invention relates generally to olefin metathesis catalyst compounds, to the preparation of such compounds, compositions comprising such compounds, methods of using such compounds, articles of manufacture comprising such compounds, and the use of such compounds in the metathesis of olefins and olefin compounds. The invention has utility in the fields of catalysts, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, and industrial and fine chemicals industry.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/341,635, filed Apr. 12, 2019, which is a national stage application (under 35 U.S.C. § 371) of PCT/US2017/056919, filed Oct. 17, 2017, which claims benefit of U.S. Application Nos. 62/410,003, and 62/509,269, filed Oct. 19, 2016 and May 22, 2017 respectively, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates generally to olefin metathesis catalysts, to the preparation of such compounds, compositions comprising such compounds, methods of using such compounds, and the use of such compounds in the metathesis of olefins and in the synthesis of related olefin metathesis catalysts. The invention has utility in the fields of catalysis, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, and in industrial applications such as oil and gas, fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

BACKGROUND

Since its discovery in the 1950s, olefin metathesis has emerged as a valuable synthetic method for the formation of carbon-carbon double bonds. Recent advances in applications to organic syntheses and polymer syntheses mostly rely on developments of well-defined olefin metathesis catalysts.

The technology of ruthenium metathesis catalysts has enabled the development of several research platforms including: ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), ring opening cross metathesis (ROCM), cross metathesis (CM), ring closing metathesis (RCM).

The incorporation of N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) ligands has played an essential role in the development of ruthenium metathesis catalysts. Metathesis catalysts, based on ruthenium, are known and have been studied.

However, there is an ongoing need for olefin metathesis catalysts, particularly ruthenium metathesis catalysts with improved characteristics which will further enable their use in a wider array of applications and olefin metathesis reactions, and for methods to prepare them.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

To meet this need the inventors have discovered various olefin metathesis catalysts as described herein.

In one embodiment, the invention provides an olefin metathesis catalyst, represented by the structure of Formula (I):

wherein:

M is a Group 8 transition metal; generally M is ruthenium or osmium; typically M is ruthenium;

X¹ and X² are independently anionic ligands; generally X¹ and X² are independently halogen, trifluoroacetate, per-fluorophenols or nitrate; typically X¹ and X² are independently Cl, Br, I or F;

L¹ is a ligand represented by the structure of Formula (II), or is an NHC ligand represented by the structure of Formula (III):

R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂;

R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂;

R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, or substituted saturated N-heterocycle;

Y is CR⁴ or N;

R⁴ is hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₂ alkyl), or substituted (C₁-C₁₂ alkyl);

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), or substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl);

Q is a two-atom linkage represented by structures —[CR⁷R⁵]_(s)—[CR⁹R¹⁰]_(t) or —[CR¹¹═CR¹²]—;

R⁷, R⁵, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), substituted (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), or substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl); or any two of R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are optionally linked together to form a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated ring structure;

R¹¹ and R¹² are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), substituted (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), or substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl); or R¹¹ and R¹² are optionally linked together to form a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated ring structure; and

“s” and “t” are independently 1 or 2; typically “s” and “t” are independently 1.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an olefin metathesis catalyst, represented by the structure of Formula (IV):

wherein:

M is a Group 8 transition metal; generally M is ruthenium or osmium; typically M is ruthenium;

X¹ and X² are independently anionic ligands; generally X¹ and X² are independently halogen, trifluoroacetate, per-fluorophenols or nitrate; typically X¹ and X² are independently Cl, Br, I or F;

R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]_(2;)

R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; and

R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an olefin metathesis catalyst, represented by the structure of Formula (V):

wherein:

M is a Group 8 transition metal; generally M is ruthenium or osmium; typically M is ruthenium;

X¹ and X² are independently anionic ligands; generally X¹ and X² are independently halogen, trifluoroacetate, per-fluorophenols or nitrate; typically X¹ and X² are independently Cl, Br, I or F;

X³ is phenyl

or 2-methyl-1-propenyl (—CH═C(CH₃)₂ or

L¹ is a ligand represented by the structure of Formula (II), or is an NHC ligand represented by the structure of Formula (III):

R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, unsubstituted unsaturated N-heterocycle, substituted unsaturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₁-C₂₄ aryl)]₂, or —O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkyl);

R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂;

R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), or substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl);

Y is CR⁴ or N;

R⁴ is hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₂ alkyl), or substituted (C₁-C₁₂ alkyl);

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), or substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl);

Q is a two-atom linkage represented by structures —[CR⁷R⁸]_(s)—[CR⁹R¹⁰]_(t) or —[CR¹¹═CR¹²]—;

R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), substituted (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), or substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl); or any two of R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R^(1D) are optionally linked together to form a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated ring structure;

R¹¹ and R¹² are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), substituted (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), or substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl); or R¹¹ and R¹² are optionally linked together to form a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated ring structure; and

“s” and “t” are independently 1 or 2; typically “s” and “t” are independently 1.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of synthesizing the olefin metathesis catalysts of the invention.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of using the olefin metathesis catalysts of the invention in metathesis reactions. The olefin metathesis catalysts of the invention are of particular benefit for use in metathesis reactions, such as ring opening metathesis polymerization reactions, ring-opening cross metathesis reactions, cross metathesis reactions, ring-closing metathesis reactions, self-metathesis reactions, as well as combinations of such metathesis reactions.

The olefin metathesis catalysts of the invention are also key intermediates in the synthesis of a variety of ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts.

These and other aspects of the present invention will be apparent to the skilled artisan in light of the following detailed description and examples. Furthermore, it is to be understood that none of the embodiments or examples of the invention described herein are to be interpreted as being limiting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. Oak Ridge Thermal Ellipsoid Plot (ORTEP) diagram of C940.

FIG. 2. Oak Ridge Thermal Ellipsoid Plot (ORTEP) diagram of C958.

FIG. 3. Oak Ridge Thermal Ellipsoid Plot (ORTEP) diagram of C852.

FIG. 4. Oak Ridge Thermal Ellipsoid Plot (ORTEP) diagram of C803.

FIG. 5. Oak Ridge Thermal Ellipsoid Plot (ORTEP) diagram of C850.

FIG. 6. Oak Ridge Thermal Ellipsoid Plot (ORTEP) diagram of C825.

FIG. 7. Oak Ridge Thermal Ellipsoid Plot (ORTEP) diagram of C832.

FIG. 8. Oak Ridge Thermal Ellipsoid Plot (ORTEP) diagram of C865.

FIG. 9. Oak Ridge Thermal Ellipsoid Plot (ORTEP) diagram of C829.

FIG. 10. Vinyl ether quenching experiments for catalysts: C849, C865, C825, C850, C852, and C832.

FIG. 11. Vinyl ether quenching experiments for catalysts: C831, C840, C849, and C858.

FIG. 12. Vinyl ether quenching experiments for catalysts: C848, C852, C855, C858.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Unless otherwise indicated, the invention is not limited to specific reactants, substituents, catalysts, reaction conditions, or the like, as such can vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not to be interpreted as being limiting.

As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an olefin” includes a single olefin as well as a combination or mixture of two or more olefins, reference to “a substituent” encompasses a single substituent as well as two or more substituents, and the like.

As used in the specification and the appended claims, the terms “for example,” “for instance,” “such as,” or “including” are meant to introduce examples that further clarify more general subject matter. Unless otherwise specified, these examples are provided only as an aid for understanding the invention, and are not meant to be limiting in any fashion.

In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings:

The term “alkyl” as used herein refers to a linear, branched, or cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group typically although not necessarily containing generally 1 to 30 carbon atoms, typically 1 to 12 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl, octyl, decyl, and the like, as well as cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like. The term “lower alkyl” intends an alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and the specific term “cycloalkyl” intends a cyclic alkyl group, typically having 4 to 8, preferably 5 to 7, carbon atoms. The term “substituted alkyl” refers to alkyl substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing alkyl” and “heteroalkyl” refer to alkyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. If not otherwise indicated, the terms “alkyl” and “lower alkyl” include linear, branched, cyclic, unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing alkyl and lower alkyl, respectively.

The term “alkylene” as used herein refers to a divalent linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group, where “alkyl” is as defined above.

The term “alkenyl” as used herein refers to a linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon group of 2 to 30 carbon atoms containing at least one double bond, such as ethenyl, n-propenyl, iso-propenyl, n-butenyl, iso-butenyl, octenyl, decenyl, tetradecenyl, hexadecenyl, eicosenyl, tetracosenyl, and the like. Typically alkenyl groups herein contain 2 to 12 carbon atoms. The term “lower alkenyl” intends an alkenyl group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and the specific term “cycloalkenyl” intends a cyclic alkenyl group, typically having 5 to 8 carbon atoms. The term “substituted alkenyl” refers to alkenyl substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing alkenyl” and “heteroalkenyl” refer to alkenyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. If not otherwise indicated, the terms “alkenyl” and “lower alkenyl” include linear, branched, cyclic, unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing alkenyl and lower alkenyl, respectively. The term “alkenyl” is used interchangeably with the term “olefin” herein.

The term “alkenylene” as used herein refers to a divalent linear, branched, or cyclic alkenyl group, where “alkenyl” is as defined above.

The term “alkynyl” as used herein refers to a linear or branched hydrocarbon group of 2 to 30 carbon atoms containing at least one triple bond, such as ethynyl, n-propynyl, and the like. Typical alkynyl groups described herein contain 2 to 12 carbon atoms. The term “lower alkynyl” intends an alkynyl group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms. The term “substituted alkynyl” refers to alkynyl substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing alkynyl” and “heteroalkynyl” refer to alkynyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. If not otherwise indicated, the terms “alkynyl” and “lower alkynyl” include linear, branched, unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing alkynyl and lower alkynyl, respectively.

The term “alkoxy” as used herein intends an alkyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage; that is, an “alkoxy” group can be represented as —O-alkyl where alkyl is as defined above. A “lower alkoxy” group intends an alkoxy group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Analogously, “alkenyloxy” and “lower alkenyloxy” respectively refer to an alkenyl and lower alkenyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage, and “alkynyloxy” and “lower alkynyloxy” respectively refer to an alkynyl and lower alkynyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage.

The term “aryl” as used herein, and unless otherwise specified, refers to an aromatic substituent containing a single aromatic ring or multiple aromatic rings that are fused together, directly linked, or indirectly linked (such that the different aromatic rings are bound to a common group such as a methylene or ethylene moiety). Generally aryl groups contain 5 to 30 carbon atoms, and typically aryl groups contain 5 to 14 carbon atoms. Exemplary aryl groups contain one aromatic ring or two fused or linked aromatic rings, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, diphenylether, diphenylamine, benzophenone, and the like. “Substituted aryl” refers to an aryl moiety substituted with one or more substituent groups. The terms “heteroatom-containing aryl” and “heteroaryl” refer to aryl substituents in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom, as will be described in further detail infra.

The term “aryloxy” as used herein refers to an aryl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage, wherein “aryl” is as defined above. An “aryloxy” group can be represented as —O-aryl where aryl is as defined above. Preferred aryloxy groups contain 5 to 24 carbon atoms, and particularly preferred aryloxy groups contain 5 to 14 carbon atoms. Examples of aryloxy groups include, without limitation, phenoxy, o-halo-phenoxy, r-halo-phenoxy, p-halo-phenoxy, o-methoxy-phenoxy, m-methoxy-phenoxy, p-methoxy-phenoxy, 2,4-dimethoxy-phenoxy, 3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy, and the like.

The term “alkaryl” refers to an aryl group with an alkyl substituent, and the term “aralkyl” refers to an alkyl group with an aryl substituent, wherein “aryl” and “alkyl” are as defined above. Generally alkaryl and aralkyl groups contain 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and typically alkaryl and aralkyl groups contain 6 to 16 carbon atoms. Alkaryl groups include, for example, p-methylphenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, p-cyclohexylphenyl, 2,7-dimethylnaphthyl, 7-cyclooctylnaphthyl, 3-ethyl-cyclopenta-1,4-diene, and the like. Examples of aralkyl groups include, without limitation, benzyl, 2-phenyl-ethyl, 3-phenyl-propyl, 4-phenyl-butyl, 5-phenyl-pentyl, 4-phenylcyclohexyl, 4-benzylcyclohexyl, 4-phenylcyclohexylmethyl, 4-benzylcyclohexylmethyl, and the like. The terms “alkaryloxy” and “aralkyloxy” refer to substituents of the formula —OR wherein R is alkaryl or aralkyl, respectively, as defined herein.

The term “acyl” refers to substituents having the formula —(CO)-alkyl, —(CO)-aryl, or —(CO)-aralkyl, and the term “acyloxy” refers to substituents having the formula —O(CO)-alkyl, —O(CO)-aryl, or —O(CO)-aralkyl, wherein “alkyl,” “aryl,” and “aralkyl” are as defined above.

The terms “cyclic” and “ring” refer to moieties which are saturated or have unsaturations and are non-aromatic or are aromatic and that are optionally substituted and/or heteroatom containing, and that can be monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic.

The term “saturated N-heterocycle” as used herein refers to a heteroatom-containing cyclic group, which is saturated and is attached to the rest of the molecule by a nitrogen (N) atom. The saturated N-heterocycle moiety contains rings wherein one or more carbon(s) has been replaced by a heteroatom, such as: N, S or O. Unsubstituted “saturated N-heterocycle” groups include pyrrolidino, morpholino, piperazino, piperidino, thiomorpholino, etc. Substituted “saturated N-heterocycle” groups include 1-methyl-piperazino, N-acetyl-piperazino, N-ethylcarboxylate-piperazino, etc.

The terms “halo,” “halogen,” and “halide” are used in the conventional sense to refer to a chloro, bromo, fluoro, or iodo substituent.

The term “hydrocarbyl” refers to univalent hydrocarbyl radicals containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms, typically containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms, specifically containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, including linear, branched, cyclic, saturated, and unsaturated species, such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and the like. The term “lower hydrocarbyl” intends a hydrocarbyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, typically 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and the term “hydrocarbylene” intends a divalent hydrocarbyl moiety containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms, typically 1 to 24 carbon atoms, specifically 1 to 12 carbon atoms, including linear, branched, cyclic, saturated and unsaturated species. The term “lower hydrocarbylene” intends a hydrocarbylene group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. “Substituted hydrocarbyl” refers to hydrocarbyl substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl” and “heterohydrocarbyl” refer to hydrocarbyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. Similarly, “substituted hydrocarbylene” refers to hydrocarbylene substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms “heteroatom-containing hydrocarbylene” and “heterohydrocarbylene” refer to hydrocarbylene in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. Unless otherwise indicated, the term “hydrocarbyl” and “hydrocarbylene” are to be interpreted as including substituted and/or heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl and hydrocarbylene moieties, respectively.

The term “heteroatom-containing” as in a “heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl group” refers to a hydrocarbon molecule or a hydrocarbyl molecular fragment in which one or more carbon atoms is replaced with an atom other than carbon, e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus or silicon, typically nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Similarly, the term “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl substituent that is heteroatom-containing, the term “heterocyclic” refers to a cyclic substituent that is heteroatom-containing, the terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroaromatic” respectively refer to “aryl” and “aromatic” substituents that are heteroatom-containing, and the like. It should be noted that a “heterocyclic” group or compound is optionally aromatic, and further that “heterocycles” can be monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic as described above with respect to the term “aryl.” Examples of heteroalkyl groups include alkoxyaryl, alkylsulfanyl-substituted alkyl, N-alkylated amino alkyl, and the like. Examples of heteroaryl substituents include pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, etc.

By “Grubbs-Hoveyda ligands,” is meant benzylidene ligands having a chelating alkyloxy group attached to the benzene ring at the ortho position.

Examples of —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl) groups include —NHMe (e.g., methylamino), —NHEt (e.g., ethylamine), —NH(i-Pr) (e.g., iso-propylamino), etc.

Examples of —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂ groups include —N(Me)₂ (e.g., dimethylamino), —N(Et)₂ (e.g., diethylamino), —N(i-Pr)₂ (e.g., di-iso-propylamino), etc.

Examples of —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) groups include —NH(C₆H₅) (e.g., phenylamino), etc.

Examples of —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂ groups include N(C₆H₅)₂ (e.g., diphenylamino), etc.

Examples of —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) groups include —NMe(C₆H₅) (e.g., phenylmethylamino), etc.

Examples of —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂ groups include —N[(CH₂)(C₆H₅)]₂ (e.g., di-benzyl-amino), etc.

By “substituted” as in “substituted hydrocarbyl,” “substituted alkyl,” “substituted aryl,” and the like, as alluded to in some of the aforementioned definitions, is meant that in the hydrocarbyl, alkyl, aryl, or other moiety, at least one hydrogen atom bound to a carbon (or other) atom is replaced with one or more non-hydrogen substituents. Examples of such substituents include, without limitation: functional groups referred to herein as “Fn,” such as halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, C₁-C₂₄ alkoxy, C₂-C₂₄ alkenyloxy, C₂-C₂₄ alkynyloxy, C₅-C₂₄ aryloxy, C₆-C₂₄ aralkyloxy, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryloxy, acyl (including C₂-C₂₄ alkylcarbonyl (—CO-alkyl) and C₆-C₂₄ arylcarbonyl (—CO-aryl)), acyloxy (—O-acyl, including C₂-C₂₄ alkylcarbonyloxy (—O—CO-alkyl) and C₆-C₂₄ aryl carbonyl oxy (—O—CO-aryl)), C₂-C₂₄ alkoxycarbonyl (—(CO)—O-alkyl), C₆-C₂₄ aryloxycarbonyl (—(CO)—O-aryl), halocarbonyl (—CO)—X where X is halo), C₂-C₂₄ alkylcarbonato (—O—(CO)—O-alkyl), C₆-C₂₄ arylcarbonato (—O—(CO)—O-aryl), carboxy (—COOH), carboxylato (—COO⁻), carbamoyl (—(CO)—NH₂), mono-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl (—(CO)—NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)), di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl (—(CO)—N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂), mono-(C₁-C₂₄ haloalkyl)-substituted carbamoyl (—(CO)—NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)), di-(C₁-C₂₄ haloalkyl)-substituted carbamoyl (—(CO)—N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂), mono-(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)-substituted carbamoyl (—(CO)—NH-aryl), di-(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)-substituted carbamoyl (—(CO)—N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂), di-N—(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl),N—(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)-substituted carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl (—(CS)—NH₂), mono-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl (—(CS)—NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)), di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl (—(CS)—N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂), mono-(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl (—(CS)—NH-aryl), di-(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl (—(CS)—N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂), di-N—(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), N—(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)-substituted thiocarbamoyl, carbamido (—NH—(CO)—NH₂), cyano(—C≡N), cyanato (—O—C═N), thiocyanato (—S—C≡N), formyl (—(CO)—H), thioformyl (—(CS)—H), amino (—NH₂), mono-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted amino, di-(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted amino, mono-(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)-substituted amino, di-(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)-substituted amino, (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)-substituted amino, C₂-C₂₄ alkylamido (—NH—(CO)-alkyl), C₆-C₂₄ arylamido (—NH—(CO)-aryl), imino (—CR═NH where R=hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, C₅-C₂₄ aryl, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl, C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, etc.), C₂-C₂₀ alkylimino (—CR═N(alkyl), where R=hydrogen, C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, C₅-C₂₄ aryl, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl, C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, etc.), arylimino (—CR═N(aryl), where R=hydrogen, C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, C₅-C₂₄ aryl, C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl, C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl, etc.), nitro (—NO₂), nitroso (—NO), sulfo (—SO₂—OH), sulfonato (—SO₂—O⁻, C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfanyl (—S-alkyl; also termed “alkylthio”), C₅-C₂₄ arylsulfanyl (—S-aryl; also termed “arylthio”), C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfinyl (—(SO)-alkyl), C₅-C₂₄ arylsulfinyl (—(SO)-aryl), C₁-C₂₄ alkylsulfonyl (—SO₂-alkyl), C₁-C₂₄ monoalkylaminosulfonyl —SO₂—N(H) alkyl), C₁-C₂₄ dialkylaminosulfonyl —SO₂—N(alkyl)₂, C₅-C₂₄ arylsulfonyl (—SO₂-aryl), boryl (—BH₂), borono (—B(OH)₂), boronato (—B(OR)₂ where R is alkyl or other hydrocarbyl), phosphono (—P(O)(OH)₂), phosphonato (—P(O)(O⁻)₂), phosphinato (—P(O)(O⁻), phospho (—PO⁻)₂), and phosphino (—PH₂); and the hydrocarbyl moieties C₁-C₂₄ alkyl (preferably C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more preferably C₁-C₆ alkyl), C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl (preferably C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, more preferably C₂-C₆ alkenyl), C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl (preferably C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, more preferably C₂-C₆ alkynyl), C₅-C₂₄ aryl (preferably C₅-C₁₄ aryl), C₆-C₂₄ alkaryl (preferably C₆-C₁₆ alkaryl), and C₆-C₂₄ aralkyl (preferably C₆-C₁₆ aralkyl).

By “functionalized” as in “functionalized hydrocarbyl,” “functionalized alkyl,” “functionalized olefin,” “functionalized cyclic olefin,” and the like, is meant that in the hydrocarbyl, alkyl, olefin, cyclic olefin, or other moiety, at least one hydrogen atom bound to a carbon (or other) atom is replaced with one or more functional groups such as those described hereinabove. The term “functional group” is meant to include any functional species that is suitable for the uses described herein. In particular, as used herein, a functional group would necessarily possess the ability to react with or bond to corresponding functional groups on a substrate surface.

In addition, the aforementioned functional groups can, if a particular group permits, be further substituted with one or more additional functional groups or with one or more hydrocarbyl moieties such as those specifically enumerated above. Analogously, the above-mentioned hydrocarbyl moieties can be further substituted with one or more functional groups or additional hydrocarbyl moieties such as those specifically enumerated.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described circumstance can or cannot occur, so that the description includes instances where the circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. For example, the phrase “optionally substituted” means that a non-hydrogen substituent can or cannot be present on a given atom, and, thus, the description includes structures wherein a non-hydrogen substituent is present and structures wherein a non-hydrogen substituent is not present.

Olefin Metathesis Catalysts

In one embodiment, the invention provides an olefin metathesis catalyst, represented by the structure of Formula (VI):

wherein:

X¹ and X² are independently anionic ligands; generally X¹ and X² are independently halogen, trifluoroacetate, per-fluorophenols or nitrate; typically X¹ and X² are independently Cl, Br, I or F;

R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene) (C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂;

R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂;

generally R² is unsubstituted (C₆ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂; and

R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, or substituted saturated N-heterocycle; generally R³ is unsubstituted (C₆ aryl) or unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an olefin metathesis catalyst, represented by the structure of Formula (VI), wherein X¹ is Cl; X² is Cl; R¹ is morpholino, thiomorpholino, 1-methyl-piperazino, piperidino, N-acetyl-piperazino, di-benzyl-amino, N-ethylcarboxylate-piperazino, diethylamino, methyl-phenylamino, or di-iso-propylamino; R² is phenyl, morpholino, thiomorpholino, 1-methyl-piperazino, piperidino, N-acetyl-piperazino, di-benzyl-amino, N-ethylcarboxylate-piperazino, diethylamino, methyl-phenylamino, or di-iso-propylamino; and R³ is phenyl or morpholino.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an olefin metathesis catalyst, represented by the structure of Formula (VII):

wherein:

X¹ and X² are independently anionic ligands; generally X¹ and X² are independently halogen, trifluoroacetate, per-fluorophenols or nitrate; typically X¹ and X² are independently Cl, Br, I or F;

R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂;

R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R² is unsubstituted (C₆ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂;

R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle or substituted saturated N-heterocycle; generally R³ is unsubstituted (C₆ aryl) or substituted saturated N-heterocycle;

Y is CR⁴ or N; generally Y is N;

R⁴ is hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₂ alkyl), or substituted (C₁-C₁₂ alkyl);

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), or substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl); generally R⁵ and R⁶ are independently substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl);

Q is a two-atom linkage represented by structures —[CR⁷R⁸]_(s)—[CR⁹R¹⁰]_(t)— or —[CR¹¹═CR¹²]—;

R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), substituted (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), or substituted (C₁-C₂₄ aryl); or any two of R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R^(1D) are optionally linked together to form a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated ring structure; generally R¹, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₂ alkyl), substituted (C₁-C₁₂ alkyl), unsubstituted (C₅-C₁₄ aryl) or substituted (C₅-C₁₄ aryl);

R¹¹ and R¹² are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), substituted (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), or substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl); or R¹¹ and R¹² are optionally linked together to form a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated ring structure; and

“s” and “t” are independently 1 or 2; generally “s” and “t” are independently 1.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an olefin metathesis catalyst, represented by the structure of Formula (VIII):

wherein:

X¹ and X² are independently anionic ligands; generally X¹ and X² are independently halogen, trifluoroacetate, per-fluorophenols or nitrate; typically X¹ and X² are independently Cl, Br, I or F;

R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₄-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂;

R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R² is unsubstituted (C₆ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂;

R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle or substituted saturated N-heterocycle; generally R³ is unsubstituted (C₆ aryl) or unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle; and

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C₅-C₂₄ aryl, or substituted C₅-C₂₄ aryl; generally R⁵ and R⁶ are independently substituted C₅-C₂₄ aryl with one to three unsubstituted (C₁-C₆ alkyl) groups or substituted (C₁-C₆ alkyl) groups.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an olefin metathesis catalyst, represented by the structure of Formula (VIII), wherein X³ is Cl; X² is Cl; R¹ is morpholino, thiomorpholino, 1-methyl-piperazino, piperidino, N-acetyl-piperazino, di-benzyl-amino, N-ethylcarboxylate-piperazino, diethylamino, methyl-phenylamino, or di-iso-propylamino; R² is phenyl, morpholino, thiomorpholino, 1-methyl-piperazino, piperidino, N-acetyl-piperazino, di-benzyl-amino, N-ethylcarboxylate-piperazino, diethylamino, methyl-phenylamino, or di-iso-propylamino; R³ is phenyl or morpholino; and R¹ and R⁶ are independently 2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl (e.g., mesityl or Mes), 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl (e.g., DIPP or DiPP), 2-iso-propylphenyl (e.g., IPP or Ipp), or 2-methyl-6-iso-propylphenyl (e.g., MIPP or Mipp or MiPP).

Some of the olefin metathesis catalysts represented by the structure of Formula (VIII) were obtained as solvates.

In one embodiment, the invention provides an olefin metathesis catalyst, represented by the structure of Formula (IVa):

wherein:

X¹ and X² are independently anionic ligands; generally X¹ and X² are independently halogen, trifluoroacetate, per-fluorophenols or nitrate; typically X¹ and X² are independently Cl, Br, I or F;

R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂;

R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R² is unsubstituted (C₆ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂; and

R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R³ is unsubstituted (C₆ aryl) or unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an olefin metathesis catalyst, represented by the structure of Formula (IVa), wherein X¹ is Cl; X² is Cl; R¹ is morpholino, thiomorpholino, 1-methyl-piperazino, piperidino, N-acetyl-piperazino, di-benzyl-amino, N-ethylcarboxylate-piperazino, diethylamino, methyl-phenylamino, or di-iso-propylamino; R² is phenyl, morpholino, thiomorpholino, 1-methyl-piperazino, piperidino, N-acetyl-piperazino, methyl-phenylamino, or di-benzyl-amino, N-ethylcarboxylate-piperazino, diethylamino, di-iso-propylamino; and R³ is phenyl or morpholino.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an olefin metathesis catalyst, represented by the structure of Formula (IX):

wherein:

X¹ and X² are independently anionic ligands; generally X¹ and X² are independently halogen, trifluoroacetate, per-fluorophenols or nitrate; typically X¹ and X² are independently Cl, Br, I or F;

X³ is phenyl or 2-methyl-1-propenyl;

R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, unsubstituted unsaturated N-heterocycle, substituted unsaturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂, or —O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkyl); generally R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkyl), or unsubstituted unsaturated N-heterocycle;

R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted (C₆ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle; and

R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle or substituted saturated N-heterocycle; generally R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted (C₆ aryl) or unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an olefin metathesis catalyst, represented by the structure of Formula (IX), wherein X¹ is Cl; X² is Cl; X³ is phenyl; R¹ is morpholino, iso-propoxyl, pyrrolo; R² is cyclohexyl, phenyl or morpholino; and R³ is cyclohexyl, phenyl or morpholino.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an olefin metathesis catalyst, represented by the structure of Formula (IX), wherein X¹ is Cl; X² is Cl; X³ is 2-methyl-1-propenyl; R¹ is morpholino, iso-propoxyl, pyrrolo; R² is cyclohexyl, phenyl or morpholino; and R³ is cyclohexyl, phenyl or morpholino.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an olefin metathesis catalyst, represented by the structure of Formula (X):

wherein:

X¹ and X² are independently anionic ligands; generally X¹ and X² are independently halogen, trifluoroacetate, per-fluorophenols or nitrate; typically X¹ and X² are independently Cl, Br, I or F;

X³ is phenyl or 2-methyl-1-propenyl;

R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, unsubstituted unsaturated N-heterocycle, substituted unsaturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂, or —O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkyl); generally R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂;

R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted (C₆ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂;

R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle or substituted saturated N-heterocycle; generally R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted (C₆ aryl) or unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle;

Y is CR⁴ or N; generally Y is N;

R⁴ is hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₂ alkyl), or substituted (C₁-C₁₂ alkyl);

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), or substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl); generally R⁵ and R⁶ are independently substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl);

Q is a two-atom linkage represented by structures —[CR⁷R⁸]_(s)—[CR⁹R¹⁰]_(t) or —[CR¹¹═CR¹²]—;

R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), substituted (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), or substituted (C₁-C₂₄ aryl); or any two of R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R^(1D) are optionally linked together to form a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated ring structure; generally R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₁₂ alkyl), substituted (C₁-C₁₂ alkyl), unsubstituted (C₅-C₁₄ aryl) or substituted (C₅-C₁₄ aryl);

R¹¹ and R¹² are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), substituted (C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), or substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl); or R¹¹ and R¹² are optionally linked together to form a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated ring structure; and

“s” and “t” are independently 1 or 2; generally “s” and “t” are independently 1.

In one embodiment, the invention provides olefin metathesis catalysts, represented by the structure of Formula (XI),

wherein:

X³ and X² are independently anionic ligands; generally X³ and X² are independently halogen, trifluoroacetate, per-fluorophenols or nitrate; typically X¹ and X² are independently Cl, Br, I or F;

X³ is phenyl or 2-methyl-1-propenyl;

R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, unsubstituted unsaturated N-heterocycle, substituted unsaturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂, or —O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkyl); generally R³ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, unsubstituted unsaturated N-heterocycle, —O—(C₁-C₁₂ alkyl);

R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted (C₆ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle;

R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle or substituted saturated N-heterocycle; generally R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkyl), unsubstituted (C₆ aryl) or unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle; and

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), or substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl); generally R⁵ and R⁶ are independently substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl) with one to three unsubstituted (C₁-C₆ alkyl) groups or substituted (C₁-C₆ alkyl) groups.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an olefin metathesis catalyst, represented by the structure of Formula (XI), wherein X¹ is Cl; X² is Cl; X³ is phenyl; R³ is morpholino, isopropoxy, pyrrolo or piperidino; R² is cyclohexyl, morpholino, piperidino or phenyl; R³ is phenyl, morpholino, piperidino or cyclohexyl; and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently 2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl, 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl, 2-iso-propylphenyl, or 2-methyl-6-iso-propylphenyl.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an olefin metathesis catalyst, represented by the structure of Formula (XI), wherein X¹ is Cl; X² is Cl; X³ is 2-methyl-1-propenyl; R¹ is morpholino, isopropoxy, pyrrolo or piperidino; R² is cyclohexyl, morpholino, piperidino or phenyl; R³ is phenyl, morpholino, piperidino or cyclohexyl; and R⁵ and R⁶ are independently 2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl, 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl, 2-iso-propylphenyl, or 2-methyl-6-iso-propylphenyl.

Non-limiting examples of olefin metathesis catalysts represented by the structure of Formula (VI) are found in Table (1):

TABLE 1 Non-limiting examples of olefin metathesis catalysts represented by Formula (VI) Catalyst R¹ R² R³ X¹ X² 1

Cl Cl 2

Cl Cl 3

Cl Cl 4

Cl Cl 5

Cl Cl 6

Cl Cl 7

Cl Cl 8

Cl Cl 9

Cl Cl 10

Cl Cl 11

Cl Cl 12

Cl Cl 13

Cl Cl 14

Cl Cl 15

Cl Cl 16

Cl Cl 17

Cl Cl 18

Cl Cl 19

Cl Cl 20

Cl Cl 21

Cl Cl

Non-limiting examples of olefin metathesis catalysts represented by the structure of Formula (VIII) are found in Table (2):

TABLE 2 Non-limiting examples of olefin metathesis catalysts represented by Formula (VIII) Catalyst R¹ R² R³ X¹ X² R⁵ R⁶ 22

Cl Cl Mes Mes 23

Cl Cl Mes Mes 24

Cl Cl Mes Mes 25

Cl Cl Mes Mes 26

Cl Cl Mes Mes 27

Cl Cl Mes Mes 28

Cl Cl Mes Mes 29

Cl Cl Mes Mes 30

Cl Cl Mes Mes 31

Cl Cl Mes Mes 32

Cl Cl Mes Mes 33

Cl Cl Mes Mes 34

Cl Cl Mes Mes 35

Cl Cl Mes Mes 36

Cl Cl Mes Mes 37

Cl Cl Mes Mes 38

Cl Cl Mes Mes 39

Cl Cl Mes Mes 40

Cl Cl Mes Mes 41

Cl Cl Mes Mes 42

Cl Cl Mes Mes 43

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 44

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 45

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 46

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 47

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 48

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 49

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 50

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 51

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 52

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 53

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 54

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 55

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 56

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 57

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 58

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 59

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 60

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 61

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 62

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 63

Cl Cl DIPP DIPP 64

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 65

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 66

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 67

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 68

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 69

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 70

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 71

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 72

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 73

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 74

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 75

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 76

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 77

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 78

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 79

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 80

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 81

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 82

Cl Cl M1PP MIPP 83

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP 84

Cl Cl MIPP MIPP wherein: Mes is

MIPP is

and DIPP is

Non-limiting examples of olefin metathesis catalysts represented by the structure of Formula (IVa) are found in Table (3):

TABLE 3 Non-limiting examples of olefin metathesis catalysts represented by the structure of Formula (IVa) Catalyst R¹ R² R³ X¹ X² 85

Cl Cl 86

Cl Cl 87

Cl Cl 88

Cl Cl 89

Cl Cl 90

Cl Cl 91

Cl Cl 92

Cl Cl 93

Cl Cl 94

Cl Cl 95

Cl Cl 96

Cl Cl 97

Cl Cl 98

Cl Cl 99

Cl Cl 100

Cl Cl 101

Cl Cl 102

Cl Cl 103

Cl Cl 104

Cl Cl 105

Cl Cl

Non-limiting examples of olefin metathesis catalysts represented by the structure of Formula (IX) are found in Table (4):

TABLE 4 Non-limiting examples of olefin metathesis catalysts represented by the structure of Formula (IX) Catalyst R¹ R² R³ X¹ X² X³ 106

Cl Cl

107

Cl Cl

108

Cl Cl

109

Cl Cl

110

Cl Cl

111

Cl Cl

112

Cl Cl

113

Cl Cl

114

Cl Cl

115

Cl Cl

116

Cl Cl

117

Cl Cl

118

Cl Cl

119

Cl Cl

Non-limiting examples of olefin metathesis catalysts represented by the structure of Formula (XI) are found in Table (5):

TABLE 5 Non-limiting examples of olefin metathesis catalysts represented by the structure of Formula (XI) Catalyst R¹ R² R³ X¹ X² X³ R⁵ R⁶ 120

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 121

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 122

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 123

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 124

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 125

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 126

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 127

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 128

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 129

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 130

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 131

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 132

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 133

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 134

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 135

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 136

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 137

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 138

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 139

Cl Cl

Mes Mes 140

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 141

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 142

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 143

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 144

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 145

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 146

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 147

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 148

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 149

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 150

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 151

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 152

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 153

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 154

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 155

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 156

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 157

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 158

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 158

Cl Cl

DIPP DIPP 159

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 160

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 161

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 162

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 163

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 164

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 165

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 166

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 167

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 168

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 169

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 170

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 171

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 172

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 173

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 174

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 175

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 176

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 177

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP 178

Cl Cl

MIPP MIPP wherein: Mes is

MIPP is

and DIPP is

The present invention concerns also processes for preparing the olefin metathesis catalysts described above. The olefin metathesis catalysts according to the invention can be prepared analogously to conventional methods as understood by the person skilled in the art of synthetic organic chemistry.

Synthetic Scheme 1 illustrates how the olefin metathesis catalysts of Formula (VI), Formula (VII), and Formula (VIII) can be synthesized.

Synthetic Scheme 2 illustrates how olefin metathesis catalysts of Formula (IVa) can be synthesized.

Synthetic Scheme 3 illustrates how the olefin metathesis catalysts of Formula (IX), Formula (X), and Formula (XI) can be synthesized.

In synthetic Schemes 1, 2, and 3, substituents X¹, X², X³, R¹, R², R³, Q, Y, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined herein.

Generally, the reactions take place under degassed N₂ at room temperature or at high temperature in an inert solvent (toluene, THF, MeTHF, dioxane and the like). Once the reaction is completed, the mixture is cooled to room temperature, the solvent is removed under high vacuum, and the residue is purified on a silica gel column and then recrystallized to afford the new olefin metathesis catalysts.

In another embodiment, the invention concerns methods of using the olefin metathesis catalysts of the invention, in the synthesis of related olefin metathesis catalysts. The ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts of the invention are excellent precursors for various Second Generation Grubbs ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts. The Second Generation Grubbs ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts synthesized during these procedures are obtained in higher yield and with higher purity, which presents an advantage compared to the existing synthetic procedures.

The invention concerns also processes for synthesizing olefin metathesis catalysts of Formula (A) starting with an olefin metathesis catalyst of Formula (VIII).

In a typical procedure, as shown in Scheme 4, the PR¹R²R³ ligand of the olefin metathesis catalyst represented by Formula (VIII) can be exchanged with a PR^(d)R^(e)OR^(f) ligand at room temperature in an inert solvent, such as dichloromethane or toluene, wherein:

R^(f) is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R^(f) is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂;

R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R² is unsubstituted (C₆ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂;

R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle or substituted saturated N-heterocycle; generally R³ is unsubstituted (C₆ aryl) or unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle;

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C₅-C₂₄ aryl, or substituted C₅-C₂₄ aryl; generally R⁵ and R⁶ are independently substituted C₅-C₂₄ aryl with one to three unsubstituted (C₁-C₆ alkyl) groups or substituted (C₁-C₆ alkyl) groups; typically, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl, 2-iso-propyl-6-methylphenyl, 2-iso-propyl-phenyl or 2-methyl-phenyl;

X¹ and X² are independently halogen, trifluoroacetate, per-fluorophenols or nitrate;

generally X¹ and X² are independently Cl, Br, I or F; typically X¹ and X² are independently Cl;

R^(d) is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; generally R^(d) is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl; typically R^(d) is phenyl;

R^(e) is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; generally R^(e) is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl; typically R^(e) is phenyl; and

R^(f) is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; generally R^(f) is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl; typically, R^(f) is phenyl, methyl, p-(OMe)phenyl, iso-propyl or ethyl.

The invention concerns also processes for synthesizing olefin metathesis catalysts of Formula (B) starting with an olefin metathesis catalyst of Formula (VIII).

In a typical procedure, as shown in Scheme 5, the PR¹R²R³ ligand of the olefin metathesis catalyst represented by Formula (VIII) can be exchanged with a PR^(g)OR^(h)OR^(i) ligand or a PR^(g)R^(h)OR^(i) ligand at room temperature in an inert solvent, such as dichloromethane or toluene, wherein:

R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂, generally R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂;

R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R² is unsubstituted (C₆ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂;

R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle or substituted saturated N-heterocycle; generally R³ is unsubstituted (C₆ aryl) or unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle;

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C₅-C₂₄ aryl, or substituted C₅-C₂₄ aryl; generally R⁵ and R⁶ are independently substituted C₅-C₂₄ aryl with one to three unsubstituted (C₁-C₆ alkyl) groups or substituted (C₁-C₆ alkyl) groups; typically, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl, 2-iso-propyl-6-methylphenyl, 2-iso-propyl-phenyl or 2-methyl-phenyl;

X¹ and X² are independently halogen, trifluoroacetate, per-fluorophenols or nitrate; generally X¹ and X² are independently Cl, Br, I or F; typically X¹ and X² are independently Cl;

R^(g) is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; generally R^(g) is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl; typically R^(g) is phenyl;

R^(h) is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; generally R^(h) is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl; typically R^(h) is phenyl or methyl; and

R^(i) is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; generally R¹ is unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl; typically R¹ is phenyl or methyl.

In another embodiment, the invention concerns also processes for synthesizing olefin metathesis catalysts of Formula (C) starting with an olefin metathesis catalyst of Formula (IVa).

In a typical procedure, as shown in Scheme 6, the PR¹R²R³ ligand of the olefin metathesis catalyst represented by Formula (IVa) can be exchanged with a NHC ligand,

wherein:

R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂;

R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R² is unsubstituted (C₆ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂;

R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle or substituted saturated N-heterocycle; generally R³ is unsubstituted (C₆ aryl) or unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle;

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C₅-C₂₄ aryl, or substituted C₅-C₂₄ aryl; generally R⁵ and R⁶ are independently substituted C₅-C₂₄ aryl with one to three unsubstituted (C₁-C₆ alkyl) groups or substituted (C₁-C₆ alkyl) groups; typically, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl, 2-iso-propyl-6-methylphenyl, 2-iso-propyl-phenyl or 2-methyl-phenyl; and

X¹ and X² are independently halogen, trifluoroacetate, per-fluorophenols or nitrate; generally X¹ and X² are independently Cl, Br, I or F; typically X¹ and X² are independently C₁.

In another embodiment, the invention concerns also processes for synthesizing olefin metathesis catalysts of Formula (C) starting with an olefin metathesis catalyst of Formula (VIII).

In a typical procedure, as shown in Scheme 7, the —PR¹R²R³ ligand of the olefin metathesis catalyst represented by Formula (VIII) can be exchanged with a Grubbs-Hoveyda ligand, wherein:

R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂;

R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; generally R² is unsubstituted (C₆ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)(C₆ aryl) or —N[(C₁-C₃ alkylene)(C₆ aryl)]₂;

R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle or substituted saturated N-heterocycle; generally R³ is unsubstituted (C₆ aryl) or unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle;

R⁵ and R⁶ are independently hydrogen, unsubstituted C₅-C₂₄ aryl, or substituted C₅-C₂₄ aryl; generally R⁵ and R⁶ are independently substituted C₅-C₂₄ aryl with one to three unsubstituted (C₁-C₆ alkyl) groups or substituted (C₁-C₆ alkyl) groups; typically, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl, 2-iso-propyl-6-methylphenyl, 2-iso-propyl-phenyl or 2-methyl-phenyl;

X¹ and X² are independently halogen, trifluoroacetate, per-fluorophenols or nitrate; generally X¹ and X² are independently Cl, Br, I or F; typically X¹ and X² are independently C₁.

R^(k) is hydrogen, halogen, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —SO₂NR^(s) ₂, —NHC(O)CF₃, —NHC(O)C₆F₅, —NHC(O)OtBu, unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, unsubstituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, or substituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl; typically, R^(k) is hydrogen;

R^(l) is hydrogen, halogen, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —SO₂NR^(s) ₂, —NHC(O)CF₃, —NHC(O)C₆F₅, —NHC(O)OtBu, unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, unsubstituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, or substituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl; typically, R¹ is hydrogen;

R^(m) is hydrogen, halogen, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —SO₂NR^(s) ₂, —NHC(O)CF₃, —NHC(O)C₆F₅, —NHC(O)OtBu, unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, unsubstituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, or substituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl; typically, R^(m) is hydrogen, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —SO₂NR^(s) ₂, —NHC(O)CF₃, —NHC(O)C₆F₅, or —NHC(O)OtBu; specifically R^(m) is hydrogen;

R^(n) is hydrogen, halogen, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —SO₂NR^(s) ₂, —NHC(O)CF₃, —NHC(O)C₆F₅, —NHC(O)OtBu, unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, unsubstituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, or substituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl; typically, R^(n) is hydrogen; and

R^(s) is hydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl; typically R^(s) is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl; and

R^(q) is unsubstituted hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl; generally, R^(q) is C₁-C₁₀ alkyl; typically, R^(q) is iso-propyl.

At this stage, those skilled in the art will appreciate that many additional compounds that fall under the scope of the invention can be prepared by performing various common chemical reactions. Details of certain specific chemical transformations are provided in the examples.

For example, the olefin metathesis catalysts are typically added to a resin composition as a solid, a solution, or as a suspension. When the olefin metathesis catalysts are added to a resin composition as a suspension, the olefin metathesis catalysts are suspended in a dispersing carrier such as mineral oil, paraffin oil, soybean oil, tri-iso-propylbenzene, or any hydrophobic liquid which has a sufficiently high viscosity so as to permit effective dispersion of the catalyst(s), and which is sufficiently inert and which has a sufficiently high boiling point so that is does not act as a low-boiling impurity in the olefin metathesis reaction.

Olefins

Resin compositions that may be used with the present invention disclosed herein comprise one or more cyclic olefins. Such cyclic olefins may be optionally substituted, optionally heteroatom-containing, mono-unsaturated, di-unsaturated, or poly-unsaturated C₅ to C₂₄ hydrocarbons that may be mono-, di-, or poly-cyclic. The cyclic olefin may generally be any strained or unstrained cyclic olefin, provided the cyclic olefin is able to participate in a ROMP reaction either individually or as part of a ROMP cyclic olefin composition.

Examples of bicyclic and polycyclic olefins thus include, without limitation, dicyclopentadiene (DCPD); trimer and other higher order oligomers of cyclopentadiene including without limitation tri cycl op entadi en e (cyclopentadiene trimer), cyclopentadiene tetramer, and cyclopentadiene pentamer; ethylidenenorbornene; dicyclohexadiene; norbornene; C₂-C₁₂ hydrocarbyl substituted norbornenes; 5-butyl-2-norbornene; 5-hexyl-2-norbornene; 5-octyl-2-norbornene; 5-decyl-2-norbornene; 5-dodecyl-2-norbornene; 5-vinyl-2-norbornene; 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene; 5-isopropenyl-2-norbornene; 5-prop enyl-2-norbornene; 5-butenyl-2-norbornene; 5-tolyl-norbornene; 5-methyl-2-norbornene; 5-ethyl-2-norbornene; 5-isobutyl-2-norbornene; 5,6-dimethyl-2-norbornene; 5-phenylnorbornene; 5-benzylnorbornene; 5-acetylnorbornene; 5-methoxycarbonylnorbornene; 5-ethyoxy carb onyl-1-norbornene; 5-methyl-5-methoxy-carbonylnorbornene; bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester; 5-cyanonorbornene; 5,5,6-trimethyl-2-norbornene; cyclo-hexenylnorbornene; endo, exo-5,6-dimethoxynorbornene; endo, endo-5,6-dimethoxynorbornene; endo, exo-5,6-dimethoxy carbonylnorbornene; endo,endo-5,6-dimethoxycarbonylnorbornene; 2,3-dimethoxynorbornene; norbornadiene; tricycloundecene; tetracyclododecene; 8-methyl tetracyclododecene; 8-ethyltetracyclododecene; 8-methoxy carbonyltetracyclo dodecene; 8-methyl-8-tetra cyclododecene; 8-cyanotetracyclo dodecene; pentacyclopentadecene; pentacyclo hexadecene; bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-5-phenoxymethyl; 2-ethylhexyl ester-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid; 2-hydroxyethyl ester-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid; bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-methanol; bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-heptanoic acid-methyl ester; bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-hexanoic acid-methyl ester; 1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene, 2-hexyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro; bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-octanoic acid-methyl ester; 1,4:5,8-dimethano naphthalene; 2-butyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro; ethylidenetetracyclododecene; 2-vinyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethano naphthalene; and the like, and their structural isomers, stereoisomers, and mixtures thereof.

EXPERIMENTAL General Information—Materials and Methods

In the following examples, efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some experimental error and deviation should be accounted for. The examples are to be considered as not being limiting of the invention described herein.

All reactions involving metal complexes were conducted in oven-dried glassware under an argon or nitrogen atmosphere using standard Schlenk techniques. Chemicals and solvents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Strem, Alfa Aesar, Nexeo, Brenntag, AG Layne and TCI. Commercially available reagents were used as received unless otherwise noted. Silica gel was purchased from Fisher (0.040-0.063 μm, EMD Millipore). Solvents were dried by passing through an activated alumina column (n-pentane, benzene, toluene, Et₂O, and TI-IF).

SIMes HBr, SIMesTICl, SIPrHCl, P426, P510, 1,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene and Catalysts C959, C931, C848, C831, C949, C601, C727, C787, and C765 were prepared using known methods.

The crystallographic measurements were performed at 100(2) K using a Bruker APEX-II CCD area detector diffractometer (Mo—K_(α) radiation, λ=0.71073 Å). In each case, a specimen of suitable size and quality was selected and mounted onto a nylon loop. The structures were solved by direct methods, which successfully located most of the nonhydrogen atoms. Semi-empirical absorption corrections were applied. Subsequent refinement on F² using the SHELXTL/PC package (version 6.1) allowed location of the remaining non-hydrogen atoms. Depending on the experimental conditions, some of the olefin metathesis catalysts of the invention were obtained as solvates.

Ultrene® 99 dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) was obtained from Cymetech Corporation. A modified DCPD base resin containing 20-25% tricyclopentadiene (and small amounts of higher cyclopentadiene homologs) (DCPD-HT) was prepared by heat treatment of Ultrene® 99 DCPD generally as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,005.

¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian 400 MHz spectrometer. Chemical shifts are reported in ppm downfield from Me₄Si by using the residual solvent peak as an internal standard (CDCl₃—δ 7.24 ppm; CD₂Cl₂—δ 5.32 ppm). ³¹P NMR used an external standard of 85% H₃PO₄, referenced to 0 ppm. Spectra were analyzed and processed using MestReNova software. Deuterated solvents were purchased from Cambridge Isotopes Laboratories, Inc. and were degassed and stored over activated 3 Å molecular sieves prior to use.

The following abbreviations are used in the examples:

-   mL milliliter -   L liter -   ° C. degrees Celsius -   CD₂Cl₂ deuterated dichloromethane -   CDCl₃ deuterated chloroform -   C₆D₆ deuterated benzene -   SIMes.HBr N,N′-bis-(2,4,6-trimethylphenylamino)ethane dihydrobromide -   SIMes. HCl N,N′-bis-(2,4,6-trimethylphenylamino)ethane     dihydrochloride -   SIPrHCl 1,3-bis(2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazolium -   chloride -   Ar argon -   HCl hydrochloric acid -   KHMDS potassium bis(trimethyl silyl)amide -   r.t. room temperature

C765

Dichloro(3-methyl-2-butenylidene)bis(triphenylphosphine) ruthenium [CAS 191609-95-7] C727

[1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolidinylidene] dichloro(phenylmethylene)bis(pyridine)- Ruthenium [CAS 357186-58-4] 1,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)- 4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene C959

(PPh₃)₃Ru(Cl)₂ tris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) dichloride [CAS 15529-49-4] (2-Me)THF 2-methyltetrahydrofuran THF tetrahydrofuran C787

Benzylidenedichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium [CAS 172222-26-3] C848

Dichloro[1,3-bis-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2- imidazolidinylidene](benzylidene)(tricyclohexylphosphine) ruthenium (II) [CAS 246047-72-3] C831

Dichloro[1,3-bis-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2- imidazolidinylidene](benzylidene)(triphenylphosphine) ruthenium (II) [CAS 357261-84-8] PTSA p-Toluenesulfonic acid C931

[1,3-bis-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2- imidazolidinylidene]dichloro (phenylindenylidene)(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) [CAS 340810-50-6] C949

[1,3-bis-(4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2- imidazolidinylidene]dichloro (phenylindenylidene) (tricyclohexylphosphine) ruthenium(II) [CAS 536724-67-1] C601

Dichloro(2-isopropoxyphenylmethylene) (tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium (II) [CAS 203714-71-0] P426

1,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2- (trichloromethyl)imidazolidine [CAS 260054-47-5] P510

1,3-bis[2,6-bis(1-methylethyl)phenyl]-2-(trichloromethyl) imidazolidine [CAS 465543-05-9]

EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis of C973

In a 3 L, 3-neck round bottom flask were added C959 (100.0 g, 104.2 mmol), 1,1-diphenyl-2-propyn-1-ol (24.9 g, 119.8 mmol), and triphenylphosphine (27.3 g, 104.2 mmol) under air. The flask was equipped with a thermocouple and rubber suba-seal septum and then it was placed under Ar using Schlenk technique. The reagents and products of this reaction are highly air sensitive in solution. A 1 L addition funnel was attached to the flask under a flow of Ar. To the addition funnel were added (2-Me)THF (1 L) and 4 M HCl (25.6 mL, 104.2 mmol) in dioxane using Schlenk technique. The solution was added over 10 minutes at room temperature with stirring. Another 0.75 L (2-Me)THF were added directly to the flask. The addition funnel was replaced with a glass stopper under a flow of Ar and the flask was lowered into a pre-heated oil bath at 65° C. The reaction was monitored by ³¹P NMR. When conversion was deemed to be complete, the reaction flask was removed from the oil bath and hot filtered via cannula transfer through a celite pad (in an evacuated Schlenk filter) into a Schlenk flask. Approximately 85% (2-Me)THF was removed at room temperature (water bath) under vacuum. The resulting slurry was cooled to 0° C. then filtered on a coarse glass frit under air. The solid was washed quickly with 3×50 mL portions of 0° C. (2-Me)THF followed by hexanes (200 mL) (r.t.) and 2-propanol (100 mL). The solid from the frit was re-slurred with hexanes (200 mL) and filtered again. The solid was air-dried until no condensation was seen on the outside of the glass frit, then transferred to a 200 mL round bottom flask and dried under high vacuum overnight. The final ¹H NMR and ³¹P NMR in CDCl₃ indicate that the complex is a 1:1 adduct of (PPh₃)₂Ru(PhInd)Cl₂, and (2-Me)THF, C973, for a final molecular weight of 973 g/mol. Yield=74.1 g (73%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz in CDCl₃ at r.t.): δ=7.2-7.6 (overlapping CDCl₃ and aromatics), 7.07 (d, Ind, 1H), 6.62 (t, Ind, 1H), 6.43 (s, Ind, 1H), 3.92 (m, (2-Me)THF, 2H), 3.70 (m, (2-Me)THF, 1H), 1.88-1.98 (overlapping m, (2-Me)THF, 3H), 1.41 (m, (2-Me)THF, 1H), 1.23 (d, (2-Me)THF, 3H).

Example 2 Synthesis of C905

To a 40 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar were added C973 (0.750 mg, 0.771 mmol), Ph₂P[N(C₂H₄)₂O] ([CAS 13743-27-6] 0.837 g, 3.08 mmol), and diethyl ether (20 mL). The suspension was allowed to stir for 14 hours at ambient temperature. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with diethyl ether (5 mL) followed by diethyl ether/hexanes (1:1, 10 mL), then dried in vacuum to afford C905 as a red/brown powder (0.507 g, 72.7% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 7.71 (m, 6H), 7.61-7.50 (m, 4H), 7.48-7.40 (m, 5H), 7.40-7.31 (m, 11H), 7.24 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 6.79 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.38 (s, 1H), 3.42 (br s, 8H), 2.81 (br s, 8H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 79.3 (s).

Example 3 Synthesis of C940

To a 40 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar were added C905 (0.200 mg, 0.221 mmol), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene (0.071 g, 0.23 mmol), and toluene (10 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 hours, devolatilized, and the resulting residue recrystallized from toluene/pentane at −35° C. The resulting brown crystals were separated by filtration and dried in vacuum affording C940 (0.146 g, 70.1% yield). FIG. 1 shows the ORTEP diagram of C940.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 7.78 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.33 (m, 7H), 7.27 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.11 (m, 6H), 7.08-7.01 (m, 2H), 6.98 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 6.93 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 6.39 (s, 1H), 6.00 (s, 1H), 4.07-3.97 (m, 2H), 3.90-3.71 (m, 2H), 3.37-3.22 (m, 4H), 2.65 (s, 6H), 2.62-2.48 (m, 4H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.81 (s, 3H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 76.3 (s).

Example 4 Synthesis of C923

To a 20 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar were added C973 (0.500 mg, 0.514 mmol), 4,4′-(phenylphosphinidene)bismorpholine ([CAS 13337-35-4] 0.576 g, 2.06 mmol), and diethyl ether (10 mL). The suspension was allowed to stir for 14 hours at ambient temperature. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with diethyl ether (5 mL) followed by diethyl ether/hexanes (1:1, 10 mL) and hexanes (10 mL), then dried in vacuum to afford C923 as a red/brown powder (0.313 g, 66.0% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 7.95-7.15 (m, 18H), 7.15-6.30 (m, 2H), 3.49 (br s, 16H), 3.02 (br s, 16H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 97.3 (br s).

Example 5 Synthesis of C949

To a 20 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar were added SIMes.HBr (0.110 mg, 0.285 mmol), KHMDS (0.057 g, 0.285 mmol), and toluene (2 mL). The resulting reaction was allowed to stir for 30 minutes at ambient temperature, then it was filtered through a pad of celite, and combined with C923 and hexanes (8 mL) in a 20 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The resulting suspension was subsequently stirred for 6 hours at ambient temperature. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with toluene/hexanes (3:7, 2×10 mL) followed by hexanes (10 mL) then dried in vacuum, to afford C949 as a red/brown powder (0.239 g, 93.0% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 7.91 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.07 (m, 3H), 7.09-6.93 (m, 6H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 6.38 (s, 1H), 5.96 (s, 1H), 4.10-3.97 (m, 2H), 3.90-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.29 (br s, 4H), 3.26-3.03 (m, 4H), 2.96-2.80 (m, 4H), 2.78-2.69 (m, 4H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.76 (s, 3H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 97.4 (s).

Example 6 Synthesis of C941

To a 40 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar were added C973 (1.00 g, 1.03 mmol), 4,4″,4′″-phosphinidyltrismorpholine ([CAS 5815-61-2] 1.19 g, 4.11 mmol), and diethyl ether (30 mL). The suspension was allowed to stir for 14 hours at ambient temperature. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with diethyl ether (4×15 mL) followed by hexanes (2×10 mL), then dried in vacuum to afford C941 as a red powder (0.740 g, 76.5% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 8.61-8.44 (m, 1H), 7.87-7.72 (m, 2H), 7.60 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 7.40-7.20 (m, 3H), 3.52 (s, 24H), 3.15 (s, 24H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 100.1 (br s).

Example 7 Synthesis of C958

To a 20 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added C941 (0.500 g, 0.531 mmol), 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene (0.171 g, 0.558 mmol), and diethyl ether (10 mL). The resulting suspension was allowed to stir for 8 hours at ambient temperature. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with diethyl ether (2×10 mL) followed by hexanes (10 mL) then dried in vacuum to afford C958 as a red/brown powder (0.434 g, 85.3% yield). FIG. 2 shows the ORTEP diagram of C958.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 8.41 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.30-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.14 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.09-6.98 (m, 3H), 6.42 (s, 1H), 5.99 (s, 1H), 4.07-3.97 (m, 2H), 3.91-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.23 (s, 12H), 2.79 (s, 12H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.81 (s, 3H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 108.8 (s).

Example 8 Synthesis of C1042

To a 20 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazolium chloride (0.238 g, 0.558 mmol), potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (0.111 g, 0.558 mmol), and toluene (5 mL). The resulting reaction was allowed to stir for 30 minutes at ambient temperature, filtered through a pad of celite, and combined with C941 (0.500 g, 0.531 mmol) and heptanes (15 mL) in a 40 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The resulting suspension was subsequently stirred for 3 hours at ambient temperature. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with toluene/heptanes (1:4, 2×10 mL) followed by heptanes (10 mL) then dried in vacuum to afford C1042 (0.436 g, 78.7% yield) as a red/brown powder.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.66 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.53-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.37 (t, J 6.5 Hz, 4H), 7.23 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 6.73-6.67 (m, 2H), 6.61-6.56 (m, 1H), 4.27-4.18 (m, 1H), 4.17-3.91 (m, 4H), 3.91-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.49 (m, 1H), 3.31-3.18 (m, 12H), 3.19-3.10 (m, 1H), 2.93-2.77 (m, 6H), 2.75-2.63 (m, 6H), 1.58 (d, 0.1=6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.53 (d, 0.1=6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.37 (d, 0.1=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.26 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.82 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 102.8 (s).

Example 9 Synthesis of C1050

To a 20 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar were added SIMes.HBr (0.173 mg, 0.446 mmol), KHMDS (0.089 g, 0.446 mmol), and toluene (4 mL). The resulting reaction was allowed to stir for 30 minutes at ambient temperature, then filtered through a pad of celite, and combined with C941 (0.400 g, 0.425 mmol) and hexanes (16 mL) in a 40 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The resulting suspension was subsequently stirred for 4 hours at ambient temperature. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with toluene/hexanes (1:5, 2×10 mL) followed by hexanes (10 mL) then dried in vacuum to afford C1050 as a red/brown powder (0.406 g, 91.0% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 8.41 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.30-7.20 (m, 4H), 7.20-7.10 (m, 4H), 7.09-6.98 (m, 3H), 6.42 (s, 1H), 5.99 (s, 1H), 4.07-3.97 (m, 2H), 3.91-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.24 (s, 12H), 2.79 (s, 12H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 1.81 (s, 3H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 108.9 (s).

Example 10 Synthesis of C947

To a 20 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar were added C1050 (0.300 g, 0.286 mmol), phenoxydiphenylphosphine ([CAS 13360-92-4] 0.057 g, 0.300 mmol), PTSA (0.169 g, 0.886 mmol) and toluene (5 mL). The resulting reaction was allowed to stir for 60 minutes at ambient temperature, then it was filtered through a plug of silica gel, devolatilized and the resulting residue was recrystallized from toluene/heptanes at −35° C. The red/brown crystals were isolated by filtration, washed with toluene/heptanes (1:5, 2×10 mL) followed by heptanes (5 mL) then dried in vacuum to afford C947 (0.228 g, 84.2% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 8.18 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.27-7.11 (m, 7H), 7.08-7.00 (m, 7H), 6.97 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.71 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (s, 1H), 6.54 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.45 (s, 1H), 6.07 (s, 1H), 4.19-4.04 (m, 2H), 4.00-3.78 (m, 2H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 2.67 (s, 3H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 1.99 (s, 3H), 1.79 (s, 3H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 127.9 (s).

Example 11 Synthesis of C609

To a 40 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added C601 (0.500 g, 0.833 mmol), 4,4″,4′″-phosphinidyntrismorpholine ([CAS 5815-61-2] 0.361 g, 1.25 mmol), and diethyl ether (20 mL). The resulting reaction was allowed to stir for 4 hours at 35° C. then cooled to ambient temperature. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with diethyl ether (2×10 mL), and dried in vacuum to afford C609 (0.420 g, 82.8% yield) as a pale red/brown powder.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, C₆D₆) δ 16.69 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.81-4.70 (m, 1H), 3.52 (br s, 12H), 3.10 (br s, 12H), 1.72 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 6H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, C₆D₆) δ 120.3 (s). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CD₂Cl₂) δ 119.7 (s).

Example 12 Synthesis of C591

To a 40 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added C601 (0.500 g, 0.833 mmol), 4-(diphenylphosphino)morpholine (0.294 g, 1.08 mmol), and diethyl ether (20 mL). The resulting reaction was allowed to stir for 4 hours at 30° C. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with diethyl ether (2×10 mL), and dried in vacuum to afford C591 (0.302 g, 61.4% yield) as a pale red/brown powder.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 16.62 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 7.82-7.70 (m, 4H), 7.61 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.52-7.39 (m, 6H), 7.16 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.43-5.33 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.62 (m, 4H), 3.18 (m, 4H), 1.85 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 6H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 109.5 (s).

Example 13 Synthesis of C600

To a 40 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added C601 (0.500 g, 0.833 mmol), 4,4′-(phenylphosphinidene)bismorpholine (0.303 g, 1.08 mmol), and diethyl ether (20 mL). The resulting reaction was allowed to stir for 4 hours at 30° C. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with diethyl ether (2×10 mL), and dried in vacuum to afford C600 (0.422 g, 84.4% yield) as a pale red/brown powder.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 16.59 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.86-7.76 (m, 2H), 7.61 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.40 (m, 3H), 7.15 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.41-5.30 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.60 (m, 8H), 3.41-3.29 (m, 4H), 3.26-3.15 (m, 4H), 1.84 (d, 0.1=6.2 Hz, 6H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 125.9 (br s).

Example 14 Synthesis of C590

To a 40 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added C601 (0.500 g, 0.833 mmol), 1-(diphenylphosphino)piperidine ([CAS 22859-54-7] 0.292 g, 1.08 mmol), and diethyl ether (20 mL). The resulting reaction was allowed to stir for 14 hours at 30° C. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with diethyl ether (2×10 mL), and then dissolved in a minimal amount of dichloromethane (4 mL). The solution was filtered through a pad of celite then hexanes (30 mL) was slowly added to afford a red precipitate. The solid was isolated by filtration, washed with hexanes (2×10 mL), and dried in vacuum to afford C590 (0.191 g, 38.9% yield) as a red solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 16.70 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 7.80-7.70 (m, 4H), 7.59 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.37 (m, 6H), 7.15 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.42-5.31 (m, 1H), 3.20-3.08 (m, 4H), 1.86 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 6H), 1.66-1.50 (m, 6H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 107.9 (s).

Example 15 Synthesis of C627 from C591

To a 40 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added C591 (0.250 g, 0.423 mmol), P426 (0.216 g, 0.507 mmol), and 10% toluene/heptanes (v/v) (10 mL). The resulting reaction was heated to 90° C. for 5 hr. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with hexanes (2×10 mL) followed by methanol (2×10 mL), then dried in vacuum to afford C627 (0.146 g, 55.0% yield) as a green solid. The NMR data correspond to the data reported in the literature.

Example 16 Synthesis of C627 from C1050

To a 40 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added C1050 (0.5 g, 0.5 mmol), 2-isopropoxy-β-methylstyrene (0.18 g, 1.02 mmol), DCM (5 mL), and tosyl chloride (0.11 g, 0.57 mmol). The resulting reaction was heated to 60° C. for 30 min and then concentrated to dryness. The material was triturated with methanol (10 mL) and the resulting green solid was collected on a fritted funnel and washed with methanol (10 mL) followed by hexanes (10 mL) then dried in vacuum to afford C627 (0.268 g, 90% yield) as a green solid. The NMR data correspond to the data reported in the literature.

Example 17 Synthesis of C627 from C940

To a 40 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stirbar was added C940 (0.5 g, 0.53 mmol), 2-iso-propoxy-β-methylstyrene (0.18 g, 1.02 mmol), EtOAc (20 mL), and tosyl chloride (0.11 g, 0.58 mmol). The resulting reaction was heated to 60° C. for 30 min and then concentrated to dryness. The material was triturated with methanol (10 mL) and the resulting green solid was collected on a fritted funnel and washed with methanol (10 mL) followed by hexanes (10 mL) then dried in vacuum to afford C627 (0.177 g, 53% yield) as a green solid. The NMR data corresponded to the data reported in the literature.

Example 18 Synthesis of C627 from C609

To a 40 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added C609 (1.0 g, 1.64 mmol), P426 (0.805 g, 1.89 mmol), and 10% toluene/heptanes (v/v) (10 mL). The resulting reaction was heated to 90° C. for 3 hr. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration and dissolved in DCM (10 mL). PTSA (0.343 g) was added to the solution and allowed to stir at room temperature for 30 min. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the C627 was triturated with MeOH (10 mL). The resulting precipitate was collected on a fritted funnel and washed with methanol (10 mL), then dried in vacuum to afford C627 (0.74 g, 72% yield) as a green solid. The NMR data corresponded to the data reported in the literature.

Example 19 Synthesis of C711 from C591

To a 40 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added C591 (0.250 g, 0.423 mmol), P510 (0.259 g, 0.507 mmol), and 10% toluene/heptanes (v/v) (10 mL). The resulting reaction was heated to 90° C. for 5 hr. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with hexanes (2×10 mL) followed by methanol (2×10 mL), then dried in vacuum to afford C711 (0.224 g, 74.5% yield) as a green solid. The NMR data corresponded to the data reported in the literature.

Example 20 Synthesis of C627 from C609

To a 40 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar was added C609 (1.0 g, 1.64 mmol), P510 (1.0 g, 1.96 mmol), and 10% toluene/heptanes (v/v) (10 mL). The resulting reaction was heated to 90° C. for 5 hr. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with hexanes (2×10 mL) followed by methanol (2×10 mL), then dried in vacuum to afford C711 (0.64 g, 54.8% yield) as a green solid. The NMR data corresponded to the data reported in the literature.

Example 21 Synthesis of C829

To a THF solution (5 mL) of C787 (215 mg, 0.273 mmol) was added a THF solution (3 mL) of Cy₂P(morph) (309.8 mg, 1.093 mmol) at r.t. The mixture was allowed to stir at ambient temperature for 15 min, leading to the quantitative formation of C829 as monitored in situ by ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure to afford a sticky solid. To this solid was added n-pentane (3×10 mL), and the resulting solid was removed by filtration. The combined n-pentane solutions were slowly concentrated by vapor diffusion into hexamethyldisiloxane at r.t. over 12 h, affording purple crystals of C829 (80 mg, 35%) which were isolated by filteration, washed with cold n-pentane, and dried under vacuum. FIG. 9 shows the ORTEP diagram of C829.

¹H NMR (300 MHz; C₆D₆): δ 20.52 (s, 1H), 8.47 (d, 2H, J_(H-H)=10.6 Hz), 7.16 (t, 1H, J_(H-H)=7.2 Hz), 7.00 (t, 2H, J_(H-H)=7.5 Hz), 3.53 (t, 8H, J_(H-H)=3.8 Hz), 2.82-2.76 (m, 8H), 1.98-1.12 (m, 44H). ³¹P NMR (121 MHz, C₆D₆): δ 95.7 (s).

Example 22 Synthesis of C852

To a toluene solution (2 mL) of SIMes-HCl (34.7 mg, 0.101 mmol) was added solid KHMDS (20.2 mg, 0.101 mmol). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at r.t. for 15 min, and then transferred into a toluene solution (5 mL) of C829 (79.8 mg, 0.096 mmol). The reaction was warmed up to 65° C. for 12 h. The resulting suspension was then passed through a short plug of Celite to remove the unwanted solid. All volatiles were removed under reduced pressure, affording a brown solid which was washed with cold n-pentane (10 mL). Further recrystallization from THE/pentane yielded brown/pink crystals of C852 (50 mg, 61%). FIG. 3 shows the ORTEP diagram of C852.

¹H NMR (300 MHz; C₆D₆): δ 19.56 (s, 1H), 9.13 (bs, 2H), 7.11-6.90 (m, 5H), 6.10 (bs, 2H), 3.45 (t, 4H, J_(H-H)=4.3 Hz), 3.31-0.75 (m, 48H). ³¹P NMR (121 MHz; C₆D₆): δ 92.2 (s).

Example 23 Synthesis of C807

To a THE solution (6 mL) of C765 (250 mg, 0.327 mmol) was added a THE solution (6 mL) of Cy₂P(morph) (370.6 mg, 1.308 mmol) at ambient temperature. The mixture was allowed to stir at ambient temperature for 15 min, leading to the quantitative formation of C807 as monitored in situ by ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressures to afford a brown oil. To this oil was added n-pentane (45 mL). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 min, and the resulting solid was removed by filtration. The n-pentane solution was concentrated to ˜20 mL, and allowed to stand at −30° C. for 12 h, affording purple crystals of C807 (74 mg, 28%) which were isolated by filteration, washed with cold n-pentane, and dried under vacuum.

¹H NMR (300 MHz; C₆D₆): δ 19.81 (d, 1H, J_(H-H)=11.2 Hz), 8.08 (d, 1H, J_(H-H)=11.2 Hz), 3.60 (t, 8H, J_(H-H)=3.7 Hz), 2.94 (t, 8H, J_(H-H)=3.7 Hz), 2.07-0.91 (m, 54H). ³¹P NMR (121 MHz; C₆D₆): δ 95.3 (s).

Example 24 Synthesis of C830

To a THE solution (2 mL) of C807 (50 mg, 0.062 mmol) was added a THE solution (2 mL) of SIMes-CHCl₃ (26.4 mg, 0.062 mmol). The reaction was warmed up to 65° C. for 2 h. During the course of the reaction, the color changed from purple to brown. All volatiles were removed under reduced pressures, affording a brown solid. To this solid was added n-pentane (3×10 mL), and the resulting solid was removed by filtration. The combined n-pentane solution was slowly concentrated by vapor diffusion into hexamethyldisiloxane at r.t. over 12 h, affording brown crystals of C830 (18 mg, 35%) which were isolated by filteration, washed with Et₂O, and dried under vacuum.

¹H NMR (300 MHz; C₆D₆): δ 19.03 (d, 1H, J_(H-H)=11.3 Hz), 7.68 (d, 1H, J_(H-H)=11.3 Hz), 6.85 (s, 2H), 6.57 (s, 2H), 3.53 (t, 4H, J_(H-H)=2.9 Hz), 2.74 (s, 6H), 2.50 (s, 6H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.07-0.92 (m, 36H). ³¹P NMR (121 MHz; C₆D₆): δ 90.3 (s).

Example 25 Synthesis of C803

To a THE solution (3 mL) of C765 (100 mg, 0.131 mmol) was added a THE solution (3 mL) of Cy₂P(O^(i)Pr) ([CAS 65796-69-2] 134.1 mg, 0.523 mmol) at ambient temperature. The mixture was allowed to stir at ambient temperature for 15 min, leading to the quantitative formation of the bis-phosphinite complex as monitored in situ by ³¹P NMR spectroscopy (143.6 ppm). To this solution was added a THE solution (2 mL) of SIMes-CHCl₃ (55.7 mg, 0.131 mmol). The resulting mixture was allowed to reflux at 65° C. for 2 h. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressures to afford a brown solid. To this solid was added n-pentane (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 5 min, and the resulting solid was removed by filtration. Slow evaporation of the n-pentane filtrate afforded brown crystals of C803 (71 mg, 68%) which were isolated by filteration, washed with cold n-pentane, and dried under vacuum. FIG. 4 shows the ORTEP diagram of C803.

¹H NMR (300 MHz; C₆D₆): δ 18.94 (d, 1H, J_(H-H)=11.2 Hz), 7.57 (d, 1H, J_(H-H)=11.2 Hz), 6.84 (s, 2H), 6.58 (s, 2H), 3.24-3.15 (m, 3H), 2.77 (s, 6H), 2.50 (s, 6H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 1.98 (s, 3H), 1.66-0.90 (m, 18H). ³¹P NMR (121 MHz; C₆D₆): δ 151.0 (s).

Example 26 Synthesis of Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Represented by Formula (XI)

To a THE solution (2 mL) of the bispyridine complex C727 (100 mg, 0.138 mmol) was added 1.2 equivalent (0.165 mmol) of the corresponding PR¹R²R³ ligand of Formula (II) in THE (1 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at r.t. for 20 min. All volatiles were then removed under reduced pressures. Addition of pentane or diethyl ether led to a pink precipitate of the desired complex which was isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum.

The olefin metathesis catalysts synthesized according to the procedure described in Example 26 are disclosed in Table 6. FIGS. 5, 6, 7, and 8 show the ORTEP diagrams of C850, C825, C832, and C865, respectively.

TABLE 6       Olefin metathesis catalyst

        Quantity (mg)         Yield (%)       δ ¹H NMR (300 MHz; C₆D₆)       δ ³¹P NMR (121 MHz; C₆D₆) C852

110 94 19.56 (s, 1H), 9.13 (bs, 2H), 7.11-6.90 (m, 5H), 610 (bs, 2H), 3.45 (t, 4H, J_(H-H) = 4.3 Hz), 3.31-0.75 (m, 48H) 92.2 (s) C855

79 67 19.30 (s, 1H), 8.03 (bs, 2H), 7.10-6.88 (m, 5H), 6.17 (bs, 2H), 3.27 (t, 16H, J_(H-H) = 3.8 Hz), 2.75 (s, 6H), 2.69- 2.67 (m, 12H), 2.35 (s, 6H), 1.77 (s, 3H). 131.9 (s) C858

103 87 19.44 (s, 1H), 7.96 (bs, 2H), 7.00-6.92 (m, 5H), 6.15 (bs, 2H), 3.27-0.72 (m, 46H). 116.9 (s) C840

110 95 19.32 (s, 1H), 7.71 (d, 2H, J_(H-H) = 8.5 Hz), 7.37 (t, 4H, J_(H-H) = 7.5 Hz), 7.05-6.95 (m, 7H), 6.77 (t, 2H, J_(H-H) = 7.5 Hz), 6.72 (s, 2H), 6.19 (s, 2H), 3.44-3.26 (m, 6H), 2.68 86.7 (s) (s, 6H), 2.58- 2.55 (m, 4H). 2.28 (s, 6H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 1.85 (s, 3H). C849

95 81 19.11 (s, 1H), 7.64 (d, 2H, J_(H-H) = 5.9 Hz), 7.17 (t, 1H, J_(H-H) = 6.8 Hz), 7.11-6.97 (m, 7H), 6.84 (t, 2H, J_(H-H) = 8.8 Hz), 6.80 (s, 2H), 6.16 (s, 2H), 3.43-3.23 (m, 12H), 2.73-2.65 (m, 107.9 (s) 11H). 2.26 (s, 6H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.82 (s, 3H) C850

93 80 19.65 (s, 1H), 9.30 (bs, 2H), 7.08-6.89 (m, 5H), 6.53 (bs, 2H), 3.30-0.77 (m, 54H). 92.1 (s) C825

101 89 19.55 (d, 1H, J_(H-H) = 11.2 Hz), 8.19 (bs, 2H), 7.16-6.94 (m, 3H), 6.85 (s, 2H), 6.16 (bs, 2H), 4.18- 4.11 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.25 (m, 4H), 2.76 (s, 6H), 2.36 (s, 6H), 2.17 (s, 145.9 (s) 3H), 1.80 (s, 3H), 1.69-1.03 (m, 18H), 0.94 (d, 6H, J_(H-H) = 5.9 Hz) C832

96 84 19.74 (d, 1H, J_(H-H) = 11.2 Hz), 8.17 (bs, 2H), 7.10-6.88 (m, 5H), 6.65- 6.63 (m, 2H), 6.16 (bs, 2H), 6.11 (s, 2H), 3.44-3.26 (m, 4H), 2.75 (s, 6H), 2.36 (s, 6H), 2.19 (s, 92.0 (s) 3H), 1.80 (s, 3H), 1.58-0.93 (m, 22H). C865

89 75 19.53 (s, 1H), 8.24 (bs, 2H), 7.18-6.89 (m, 5H), 6.17 (bs, 2H), 4.06-4.01 (m, 1H), 3.43- 3.26 (m, 4H), 2.77 (s, 6H), 2.37 (s, 6H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 1.82 (s, 3H), 1.78-1.01 (m, 150.3 (s) 32H). C850n

82 54 (400 MHz; C₆D₆): δ 19.47 (s, 1H), 8.46 (bs, 1H), 7.14 (m, 1H), 7.01 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (s, 3H), 6.20 (m, 2H), 3.44- 3.17 (m, 4H), 3.04-2.75 (m, 11H), 2.75- (161.8 MHz; C₆D₆): δ 133.0 (s) 2.56 (s, 6H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 1.82 (s, 3H), 1.69-1.50 (m, 5H), 1.41 (s, 11H), 1.28 (s, 7H), 1.08- 0.75 (m, 3H). C851

92 78 (400 MHz; C₆D₆): δ 19.70 (s, 1H), 8.30 (bs, 2H), 7.19 (m, 1H), 7.04- 6.98 (m, 2H), 6.93 (s, 2H), 6.25 (s, 2H), 3.43- 3.16 (m, 4H), 2.86 (s, 6H), 2.85-2.77 (161.8 MHz; C₆D₆): δ 118.7 (s) (m, 12H), 2.48 (s, 6H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 1.82 (s, 3H), 1.48- 1.34 (m, 6H), 1.29 (m, 12H)

Catalytic Activity of Complexes Example 27 RCM of Diethyl Diallylmalonate

Ring closing metathesis reactions of diethyl diallylmalonate were run in the presence of different catalysts of the invention. In an argon filled glovebox, diethyl diallylmalonate (0.200 mL, 0.827 mmol), catalyst (0.021 mmol) and toluene (4 mL) were combined in a 40 mL scintillation vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The resulting reaction was stirred at 80° C. and analyzed by gas chromatography.

entry catalyst time % yield 1 C609 1 15 2 3 30 3 5 36 4 20 50 5 C600 1 1 6 3 1 7 5 1 8 20 1 9 C591 1 3 10 3 5 11 5 6 12 20 9

Example 28 Vinyl Ether Quenching Experiments

The catalysts of the invention show fast initiation, as indicated by the vinyl ether quenching experiments. For example, the initiation rate of the C832 complex is about two orders of magnitude faster than the C849 analogue.

FIG. 10 shows the vinyl ether quenching experiments for catalysts: C849, C865, C825, C850, C852, and C832. FIG. 11 shows the vinyl ether quenching experiments for catalysts: C831, C840, C849, and C858. FIG. 12 shows the vinyl ether quenching experiments for catalysts: C848, C852, C855, and C858.

Example 29 ROMP Reactions

The catalytic activity of the complexes according to the invention, was evaluated in ROMP reactions as follows. A 250 mL beaker was filled with 100 g of DCPD-HT monomer and 50 ppm of CHP (cumene hydroperoxide). The monomer was equilibrated to the desired temperature in an oil bath (30° C.+/−0.5° C.). A J-Type thermocouple was suspended directly into the center of the monomer. The catalyst under study was dissolved in solvent (either toluene or CH₂Cl₂) to form a catalyst solution and the catalyst solution was then added to the monomer at a molar ratio of 45,000:1 (monomer: catalyst) to form a ROMP composition. Addition of the catalyst to the monomer to form the ROMP composition denoted the start of the ROMP reaction and hence, this was time point zero. Temperature readings were recorded using the thermocouple. The exotherm time was determined by measuring the amount of time that passed (i.e., the time difference) between time point zero and the time point that a propagating interface of the ROMP composition was first visually observed as the ROMP composition transitioned from a liquid state or gel state to a cured polymer state. ROMP reactions were stopped 2 hours after addition of the catalyst solution to the monomer. Time to exotherm is expressed by: slow >120 minutes; moderate 30-120 minutes; medium 1-<30 minutes; fast <1 minute and peak exotherm temperature are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 DCPD-HT Monomer Time to Exotherm Peak Exotherm Catalyst Temperature (° C.) (min.) Temperature (° C.)

30 medium 192

30 moderate 192

30 moderate 192

30 moderate 188

30 slow 186 

What is claimed is:
 1. An olefin metathesis catalyst represented by the structure of Formula (IVa):

wherein: X¹ and X² are independently halogen, trifluoroacetate, per-fluorophenols or nitrate; R¹ is unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —NRC₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; R² is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle, substituted saturated N-heterocycle, —NH(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl), —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)₂, —NH(C₅-C₂₄ aryl), —N(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)₂, —N(C₁-C₂₄ alkyl)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl) or —NRC₁-C₆ alkylene)(C₅-C₂₄ aryl)]₂; and R³ is unsubstituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), substituted (C₅-C₂₄ aryl), unsubstituted saturated N-heterocycle or substituted saturated N-heterocycle.
 2. The olefin metathesis catalyst according to claim 1, wherein X^(i) is Cl; X² is Cl; R¹ is morpholino, thiomorpholino, 1-methyl-piperazino, piperidino, N-acetyl-piperazino, di-benzyl-amino, N-ethylcarboxylate-piperazino, diethylamino, methyl-phenylamino, or di-iso-propylamino; R² is phenyl, morpholino, thiomorpholino, 1-methyl-piperazino, piperidino, N-acetyl-piperazino, di-benzyl-amino, N-ethylcarboxylate-piperazino, diethylamino, methyl-phenylamino, or di-iso-propylamino; and R³ is phenyl or morpholino.
 3. The olefin metathesis catalyst according to claim 2, selected from: 